Food Waste to Renewable Natural Gas: A Life Cycle Approach to Circular Economy and Climate Change Mitigation

Abstract

With the growing concerns over food waste management and the need for low-carbon energy alternatives, valorizing organic waste streams into renewable energy gas (RNG) offers a promising solution for both waste reduction and clean energy production. This study conducts a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of food waste conversion to RNG, evaluating for four distinct utilization pathways: (1) biogas for electricity generation, (2) RNG for electricity generation, (3) RNG distribution via virtual pipelines and (4) RNG injection into the gas grid. Results indicate that the RNG production pathway from food waste significantly reduces GHG emissions compared to traditional waste disposal methods, such as landfilling or incineration. The substitution of fossil-based natural gas with RNG further enhances the climate benefits, contributing to circular economy goals and renewable energy targets. Sensitivity analysis revealed that transportation distances and energy sources for biogas upgrading are critical factors influencing the overall environmental performance. Overall, the study underscores the environmental feasibility of food waste-to-RNG systems and their potential role in advancing sustainable waste and energy management policies.