Abstract
As the global energy transition accelerates, integrating renewable energy into off-grid and hybrid systems poses challenges due to intermittency and storage limitations. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are essential for ensuring stability and reliability. Conventional single-battery configurations, however, suffer from high costs and reduced lifespan, especially in lead-acid batteries, due to frequent incomplete charge/discharge cycles. To address this, a dual-battery energy storage system (DBESS) is proposed, in which two batteries operate in parallel: the main battery performs complete cycles to maintain health, while the secondary battery buffers partial loads. This approach improves system longevity and energy management. A techno-economic optimization model was developed using hourly load and solar irradiation data to minimize the 20 y system cost. The optimized configuration selected lead-acid batteries for both units, with 611.21 kW solar PV, 171.83 kW biomass generator, and storage capacities of 388.23 kWh and 118.59 kWh for the main and secondary batteries, respectively. The total system cost was minimized to $ 1,468,729. These results highlight the effectiveness of DBESS in enhancing performance and reducing long-term costs in renewable hybrid systems.
