Abstract
As hydrogen emerges as a key pillar in the global clean energy transition, understanding the feasibility from techno-economic, environmental, and social dimensions is critical. This review provides a brief analysis of hydrogen production technologies, primarily electrolysis, steam methane reforming (SMR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS), and biomass gasification through the lens of techno-economic assessment, sustainability, environmental metrics, and social impact. Key technical parameters such as energy efficiency, scalability, and technology readiness level (TRL) are discussed alongside economic indicators, including levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), and market competitiveness. Environmental implications, particularly emissions reductions, are evaluated in parallel with social dimensions shaped by public perception, policy frameworks, and regional case studies. Importantly, while numerous studies address techno-economic or environmental aspects, and some consider social impacts, very few integrate all three dimensions simultaneously. This lack of holistic assessment represents a critical gap in the literature, underscoring the need for approaches to guide the development of hydrogen strategies that are technically feasible, economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and socially acceptable.
