Abstract
Hydrogen is emerging as a highly efficient energy carrier thanks to its high energy density and clean combustion, making it a promising option for sustainable technologies. However, storage remains the main challenge due to volumetric and gravimetric density limitations that affect its practical applicability. Among the most prominent routes are physical approaches, such as high-pressure compression and cryogenic storage in liquid form; in addition, underground alternatives and chemical strategies are being considered, including metal hydrides, organic liquid carriers, and advanced porous materials. Energy efficiency, costs, and safety vary depending on the technology, highlighting the need for integration with renewable sources. Similarly, hybrid approaches enable optimized thermal management and improved hydrogen recovery, while the development of stable materials with high cyclic stability is essential for optimizing adsorption and desorption processes, reducing losses, and improving overall efficiency. This review analyzes key indicators, assesses the current state of storage technologies, and discusses their advantages, limitations, and prospects for large-scale application.
