Abstract
This study analyses energy consumption and CO2 emissions trends in Mexico, focusing on the contribution of major sectors and the evolution of the national energy matrix. Using a life-cycle assessment approach, six energy technologies (solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, nuclear, and fossil-based) are evaluated to compare their environmental impacts. Results show that, although Mexico’s emissions are lower than those of major global emitters, they have steadily increased, surpassing 428 million tons by 2020. Fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy mix and exhibit the highest carbon footprint across all stages, while renewable technologies present significantly lower emissions, particularly during operation. The analysis also identifies key structural challenges, including limited diversification of primary energy sources, aging thermoelectric infrastructure, and growing dependence on natural gas imports. These factors constrain energy security and hinder alignment with international climate goals. The findings highlight the need to accelerate the transition toward cleaner energy systems through infrastructure modernization, greater integration of renewables, and stronger policy support.
