Abstract
In recent years, the vulnerability of industrial equipment to hydro-meteorological hazards has attracted increasing attention, driven by the effects of climate change and the growing exposure of industrial plants in flood-prone and coastal areas. Extreme events such as floods, wind-driven storm surges, and tsunamis can directly affect industrial equipment and lead to structural damage and loss of containment. These events result in multi-hazard conditions, from natural and technological disasters, also known as NaTech events. Past disasters, including Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, have clearly highlighted the vulnerability of industrial equipment to natural and technological hazards. Despite the growing body of literature on this topic, few contributions have provided a unified picture, analyzing and identifying appropriate methods and models for structural vulnerability and fragility associated with the effects of extreme hydro-meteorological phenomena in industrialized areas. In this context, this paper reviews existing methods for assessing the structural vulnerability and fragility of industrial equipment exposed to hydro-meteorological hazards, with an overview of engineering demand parameters and limit states for representative equipment, such as storage tanks and pipelines. Subsequently, the modeling approaches in the literature are analyzed.
